Machine learning-based Naive Bayes approach for divulgence of Spam Comment in Youtube station

In the 21st Century, web-based media assumes an indispensable part in the interaction and communication of civilization. As an illustration of web-based media viz. YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, etc., can increase the social regard of a person just as a gathering. Yet, every innovation has its pros as well as cons. In some YouTube channels, a machine-made spam remark is produced on that recordings, moreover, a few phony clients additionally remark a spam comment which creates an adverse effect on that YouTube channel.  The spam remarks can be distinguished by using AI (artificial intelligence) which is based on different Algorithms namely Naive Bayes, SVM, Random Forest, ANN, etc. The present investigation is focussed on a machine learning-based Naive Bayes classifier ordered methodology for the identification of spam remarks on YouTub

Machine learning-based Naive Bayes approach for divulgence of Spam Comment in Youtube station

In the 21st Century, web-based media assumes an indispensable part in the interaction and communication of civilization. As an illustration of web-based media viz. YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, etc., can increase the social regard of a person just as a gathering. Yet, every innovation has its pros as well as cons. In some YouTube channels, a machine-made spam remark is produced on that recordings, moreover, a few phony clients additionally remark a spam comment which creates an adverse effect on that YouTube channel.  The spam remarks can be distinguished by using AI (artificial intelligence) which is based on different Algorithms namely Naive Bayes, SVM, Random Forest, ANN, etc. The present investigation is focussed on a machine learning-based Naive Bayes classifier ordered methodology for the identification of spam remarks on YouTub

Contrasting behaviour of temporal glacier changes and long term estimation of glacier mass balance across Himalayan–Karakoram range

Glacier dynamics and mass balance observations in Himalayan–Karakoram (H–K) region are important to monitor the effect of climatic perturbations over the highest cryospheric region of the world. Such studies can be accomplished by employing satellite based remote sensing technique as field measurements are difficult to obtain in these inaccessible region. In the present study, an attempt was made to investigate the retreat/advancement along with their mass fluctuations of 13 select glaciers from different sectors of H–K region over a continuous period from year 1996 to 2020 using satellite images. Variation in areal and snout fluctuations shown different patterns pertaining to gain/advancement and loss/retreat of each select glaciers. Mass loss for glaciers in Karakoram Range (–0.217 ± 0.017 m w e) was marginal when compared with Western (–0.26 ± 0.08 m w e), Central (–0.56 ± 0.067 m w e) and Eastern Himalayas (–0.625 ± 0.13 m w e). Contrasting relationship between glacier dynamics and mass balance has been obtained in the present study. Validation of results with existing field observations depicted the utility of satellite-based observation

Long-term estimation of glacier mass balance using geospatial techniques in Western Himalayas, Ladakh, India

All glaciers are subject to mass fluctuations in the current context of climate change. For daily requirements like food, drink, irrigation, and the generation of hydroelectric power, these glaciers provide water to important basins including the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra. Changes in glacier patterns are a blatant sign of local climate variability. Monitoring of glaciers requires long-term studies on glacier dynamics. Himalayan glaciers, because of their disposition in a complex topographic setting and inaccessible terrain render difficulty in the glacier observations in a continuous mode. Glacier mass fluctuations can be associated with glacier area shrinkage or expansion and concomitant snout shift. In the current study, two adjoining glaciers of different sizes, Pensilungpa and Drang Drung glaciers in the Zanskar Valley, Ladakh, India are selected. The period of the study was taken between the years 2000–2022. Earlier studies used a single day per year Accumulation Area Ratio (AAR) method to compute mass balance, which had limitations due to snow cover variability. The present study calculated and averaged all the AAR values for cloud-free images per year during the peak ablation period (mid-July to early September). Digital Elevation Model (DEM) difference technique was also employed for computing the mass budget between 2000 and 2021 b y utilizing two-time period DEMs. It was revealed that in the case of the AAR method, the Pensilungpa glacier showed 7 years of positive and 16 years of negative mass balance. The years 2003–2005 and 2011 to 2016 were depicted with negative mass balance with the highest value up to −0.752-m water equivalent (m.w.e.) for the year 2015. It has negligible areal fluctuations ranging from 0.01 to 0.6 km2. Drang Drung Glacier has shown 12 years of positive and 11 years of negative mass balance. The years 2002–2004 and 2009 to 2012 were depicted with positive mass balance with the highest value up to 0.305 m. w.e. Except, for the year 2009–2012 (areal increment ∼ 2.65 km2), years 2013–2015 showed a negative mass balance with negligible areal fluctuations. Mass balance estimation using DEM differencing method revealed an average estimated mass balance of −0.03 m. w.e. For Pensilungpa glacier though, it is 0.08 m. w.e. For Drang Drung glacier which shows good matches with the mass balance estimated using AAR method in m. w.e. Such contrasting behavior of mass balance suggests higher sensitivity of smaller glaciers to climate change

Assessment of Land Deformation and the Associated Causes along a Rapidly Developing Himalayan Foothill Region Using Multi-Temporal Sentinel-1 SAR Datasets

Land deformation has become a crucial threat in recent decades, caused by various natural and anthropogenic activities in the environment. The seismic land dynamics, landslides activities, heavy rainfall resulting in flood events, and subsurface aquifer shrinkage due to the excessive extraction of groundwater are among the major reasons for land deformation, which may cause serious damage to the overall land surface, civil infrastructure, underground tunnels, and pipelines, etc. This study focuses on preparing a framework for estimating land deformation and analyzing the causes associated with land deformation. A time-series SAR Interferometry-based technique called PsInSAR was used to measure land deformation, using Sentinel-1 datasets from 2015 to 2021 by estimating land deformation velocities for this region. The obtained PSInSAR deformation velocity results ranged between −4 mm to +2 mm per year. Further, land use land cover (LULC) changes in the area were analyzed as an essential indicator and probable cause of land deformation. LULC products were first generated using Landsat-8 images for two time periods (2015, 2021), which were then evaluated in accordance with the deformation analysis. The results indicated an increase in the built-up areas and agricultural cover in the region at the cost of shrinkage in the vegetated lands, which are highly correlated with the land subsidence in the region, probably due to the over-extraction of groundwater. Further, the outer region of the study area consisting of undulating terrain and steep slopes also coincides with the estimated high subsidence zones, which could be related to higher instances of landslides identified in those areas from various primary and secondary information collected. One of the causes of landslides and soil erosion in the region is identified to be high-level precipitation events that loosen the surface soil that flows through the steep slopes. Furthermore, the study region lying in a high seismic zone with characteristic unstable slopes are more susceptible to land deformation due to high seismic activities. The approach developed in the study could be an useful tool for constant monitoring and estimation of land deformation and analysis of the associated causes which can be easily applied to any other region

Assessment of Land Deformation and the Associated Causes along a Rapidly Developing Himalayan Foothill Region Using Multi-Temporal Sentinel-1 SAR Datasets

Land deformation has become a crucial threat in recent decades, caused by various natural and anthropogenic activities in the environment. The seismic land dynamics, landslides activities, heavy rainfall resulting in flood events, and subsurface aquifer shrinkage due to the excessive extraction of groundwater are among the major reasons for land deformation, which may cause serious damage to the overall land surface, civil infrastructure, underground tunnels, and pipelines, etc. This study focuses on preparing a framework for estimating land deformation and analyzing the causes associated with land deformation. A time-series SAR Interferometry-based technique called PsInSAR was used to measure land deformation, using Sentinel-1 datasets from 2015 to 2021 by estimating land deformation velocities for this region. The obtained PSInSAR deformation velocity results ranged between −4 mm to +2 mm per year. Further, land use land cover (LULC) changes in the area were analyzed as an essential indicator and probable cause of land deformation. LULC products were first generated using Landsat-8 images for two time periods (2015, 2021), which were then evaluated in accordance with the deformation analysis. The results indicated an increase in the built-up areas and agricultural cover in the region at the cost of shrinkage in the vegetated lands, which are highly correlated with the land subsidence in the region, probably due to the over-extraction of groundwater. Further, the outer region of the study area consisting of undulating terrain and steep slopes also coincides with the estimated high subsidence zones, which could be related to higher instances of landslides identified in those areas from various primary and secondary information collected. One of the causes of landslides and soil erosion in the region is identified to be high-level precipitation events that loosen the surface soil that flows through the steep slopes. Furthermore, the study region lying in a high seismic zone with characteristic unstable slopes are more susceptible to land deformation due to high seismic activities. The approach developed in the study could be an useful tool for constant monitoring and estimation of land deformation and analysis of the associated causes which can be easily applied to any other region

Розробка та впровадження двовісної системи стеження за сонцем у порівнянні із системою нерухомих панелей

Сонячна енергія є одним з найефективніших ресурсів через дешевизну джерела та його надійність. Найкращим способом досягти максимально можливої ефективності сонячних панелей є використання пристроїв стеження. Системи стеження за сонцем суттєво сприятимуть підвищенню ефективності збору енергії від фотоелектричних панелей. Системи стеження можуть бути як одновісними, так і двовісними. У роботі ми представили дизайн та аналіз продуктивності двовісної системи стеження за сонцем у порівнянні із системою нерухомих панелей. Ми визначили, що вихідна потужність, генерована двовісною системою стеження за сонцем, більше, ніж потужність системи нерухомих панелей. Результати роботи двовісної системи стеження за сонцем були проаналізовані порівняно із роботою системи нерухомих панелей і показали кращі характеристики с точки зору напруги, струму, потужності та можливості заряджання акумулятора. Двовісні системи стеження дають більше енергії, оскільки вони відстежують сонячне світло в обох напрямках. Отже, вони є більш ефективним, ніж нерухомі панелі.Solar energy is one of the most effective resources because of its cheap source and its reliability to sustain. The best way to attain the maximum possible efficiency from solar panels is to use tracking devices. Solar tracking will contribute significantly to increasing the efficiency of energy collection from the PV panels. Trackers can either be the single- or dual-axis. In this work, we have presented the designing and performance analysis of the dual-axis solar tracking system in comparison to the fixed panel system. We have determined the output power generated by a dual-axis solar tracking system is more than the fixed panel system. The outcome of the dual-axis solar tracking system has been analyzed and compared with the fixed panel system has been highlighted and it has shown better performance in terms of voltage, current, power and battery charging capabilities. Dual-axis trackers give more energy as it tracks sunlight in both the direction. Hence it is more efficient than fixed panel